MOLD TIMELINE - with URLs

by

Everette Lee Herndon, Jr.

B.C./A.D.    Leviticus 13-14. If the mildew spreads, the unclean item or property must be removed and destroyed.

1837            Stachybotrys chartarum first described by Corda from wallpaper collected in a home in Prague.

1920's         Toxic effects of stachybotrys chartarum reported in Russia.

1940's         Reports of stachybotryotoxicosis in humans reported in Russia.

1969             Pontiac Fever - 144 cases of building related illness, Pontiac, Michigan

1970's         Yellow Rain attacks in Southeast Asia - associated with mycotoxin known as trichothecene

1970's         Martin L. King, Technical Advisor to the National Institute of Disaster Restoration - On the origins of mold remediation - "Problems associated with mildew were being discussed in the 70's."

07-00-76         Legionnaires' Disease. Legionella bacteria, 221 cases of pneumonia reported, 34 deaths. Philadelphia.

1979             Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (journal) - P.P.Kozak - Currently Available Methods for Home Mold Surveys. Factors of importance in determining the prevalence of indoor molds.

1980             Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (journal) - Currently Available Methods for Home Mould Surveys: II. Examples of Problem Homes Studied by PP Kozak.

1983             Annu Rev Public Health - Health Effects of Indoor Pollutants by MD Liebowitz

12-09-83       Martensen v. S & S Constr. Co. No. 30-58-07 (Orange County, Cal. Dec. 9, 1983) - verdict awarding $125,000 to three plaintiffs claiming emotional distress, pre-existing allergies, pneumonia, and asthma from mold growth caused by water seepage in their family room.

03-00-85         Eur J Epidemiol, R.A. Samson - Occurrence of molds in modern living and working environments.

1986                 Washington Court Condominium Ass'n-Four v. Washington-Golf Corp., 501 N.E.2d 1290 (111. App. Ct. 1986) - alleging damages related to water intrusion from windows and an exterior sliding door.

1986                 Atmospheric Environment - W.A. Croft - Airborne Outbreak of Trichothecene Toxicosis. Potential problem with stachybotrys chartarum. Family in Chicago home with complaints of medical problems, traced to stachybotrys and trichothecene toxicosis. Accumulation of data over past 60 years tells us that we should not handle materials contaminated with stachybotrys. Commonly found in homes with water damage. Can grow behind walls undiscovered, can grow profusely on sheetrock.

1987                 Anderson v. Kennedy No. 610643-8 (Alameda County, Cal. Super. Ct. 1987) - settlement awarding $33,000 to tenants who alleged that they suffered emotional distress because roof leaks resulted in extensive mold and mildew contamination

1987                 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Bioaerosol Committee developed Bioaerosol Guidelines.

1987                 Proceedings of IAQ 87 - Approaches to the Control of Indoor Microbial Contamination

1987                 Canada - Federal-Provincial Committee on Occupational Safety & Health - guidelines for indoor air contaminants in residential housing

04-22-88           Holbrook v. Barratt American, Inc. No. 43-95-29 (Orange County, Cal. April 22, 1988) - verdict awarding plaintiffs $30,000 for respiratory infections, allergies, and aggravation of diabetes and hypertension allegedly caused by mold growth related to roof leaks from negligent construction.

1989             American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Bioaerosol Committee revises Bioaerosol Guidelines. Recommended a protocol for evaluating mold and introduced idea of remediation.

1989             Occup Med State Art Rev - Indoor Air and Infectious Disease by H. Burge.

1989             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. Published litigation - Canada, Quebec government Bureau de Revision de la Commission de la Sante et de la Securite du Travail - growth of stachybotrys in workplace is a violation of Quebec health and safety legislation

01-00-90        US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) & American Lung Association - Biological Pollutants in Your Home

1990             World Health Organization (WHO) - more than 200 mycotoxins produced by a variety of common fungi.

1990             American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
B.B. Jarvis - "Mycotoxins and Indoor Air Quality" - found in: Biological Contaminants in Indoor Environments (ASTM STP 1071)
H.A. Burge - "The Fungi" - found in Biological Contaminants In Indoor Environments (ASTM STP 1071)

05-00-90         EPA, IAQ-0022 - Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air. Standardized sampling and analysis procedures for determining indoor pollutants.

1991             Miller v. Lakeside Village Condominium Ass'n, Inc., 2 Cal. Rptr.2d 796 (Ct. App. 1991) - affirming summary judgment for defendant condominium association in 1986 case alleging that its negligence in failing to repair and maintain the plumbing system in plaintiff's condominium caused plaintiff to suffer allergies, asthma, and immune dysregulation.

1991             American Journal of Epidemiology - Respiratory Health Effects of Home Dampness and Molds among Canadian Children.

1991             Journal of Applied Bacteriology Symposium Supplement - Allergenic and toxigenic micro-organisms in houses.

1991             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. Published Court of Appeal decision in case of Miller vs. Lakeside Village Condo, held statute of limitations applies to homeowners claim against homeowners association for failure to repair water leaks which lead to injuries from exposure to toxic mold. Exposure in 1983, sought medical attention in 1983-84, had knowledge of cause of injury in Oct 1984, diagnosed as immune dysregulation in 1986.

1991             Article entitled "Sewage Backflow Remediation" written by IICRC Water Restoration Technician Advisory Committee, EPA and Research Triangle Institute and used as basis for IICRC s500 "Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Restoration Certification - per Jeff Bishop of Clean Care Seminars, Inc.

02-00-91        Enviros - Sick Building Syndrome & Building Related Illness. By Frank A. Lewis. Biological contamination by fungi following water damage. http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/N01_02.htm

03-00-91        Enviros - Aerobiology of the Office Environment - Microbiological Agents: Overlooked Indoor Air Pollutants. By Chin S. Yang, Ph.D. Water damage can lead to fungal spores and fungal growth within 24 hours. http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/N01_03.htm

04-00-91         EPA, IAQ-0004 (402-F-94-004) - Sick Building Syndrome, causes, investigations, solutions. Includes biological contaminants such as mold, etc. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/sbs.html

12-00-91         EPA - IAQ - Appendix C: Moisture, Mold and Mildew (From: Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers)
http://www.epa.gov/iedweb00/base/graphics/appenc.pdf

1992             American Red Cross (ARC 4477) & FEMA (FEMA 234) - Repairing Your Flooded Home

1992             J Med Vet Mycol., R.C. Summerbell - Ecology of Fungi in Human Dwellings.

1992             Atmospheric Environ - Fungi As Contaminants in Indoor Air, by JD Miller.

1992             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. Polk County courthouse in Florida evacuated 600 employees after discovery of Aspergillus versicolor growing due to construction defects. [Jury later awarded $40 million in personal injury claims in cases involving Reliance Insurance Company. In addition, there were 200 workers comp claims and 180 separate lawsuits against the builder and the county.]

01-00-92       EPA - (600-8-91-202) - Indoor Biological Pollutants, by H. Burge.

03-00-92       Enviros - Legionella Bacteria in Office Buildings. By Ling-Ling Hung, Ph.D. and Chin S. Yang, Ph.D                                            http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/N02_03.htm

06-00-92        Enviros - Environmental Awareness Education and Training. By Chin S. Yang, Ph.D. and Sue Smith, Ph.D. Need education in indoor pollutants and remediation.
http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/N02_06.htm

10-13-92        Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Martin County, Florida. Lawsuit against contractor filed for sick building syndrome and construction defects. [Recently a $14 million verdict affirmed by Florida Court of Appeals.]

1993             National Academy of Sciences reports that all species of mold are allergenic.

1993             B. Flannigan - Health Implications of Fungus in Indoor Environments, an overview.

1993             Proceedings of Indoor Air - E. Johanning - Clinical Epidemiological Investigation of Health Effects Caused by Stachybotrys Atra Building Contamination.

1993             Clinical epidemiological study - health problems of workers in water damage building, worked in water damaged buildings in 1980's.

1993             Canada - Federal-Provincial Committee on Occupational Safety & Health - more detailed guidelines for indoor air contaminants in residential housing

01-00-93         North Carolina State University - Mold, Dust Mites, Fungi, Spores, and Pollen: Bioaerosols in the Human Environment. Molds and fungi can cause health problems, grow following water damage, in crawl spaces, walls, etc. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/fcs/housing/docs/fcs3605.html

03-00-93         EPA, IAQ-0029 - Targeting Indoor Air Pollution: EPA's Approach and Progress                                                    http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/targetng.html

03-03-93         Chicago Tribune - "Buildings That Sicken" - toxic mold

05-07-93         New York City, Dept of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Disease Epidemiology - Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Stachybotrys Atra in Indoor Environments. Panel of experts, including CDC, NIOSH, etc. Mold following water damage. Visual inspection. Remove it. Level III = large scale remediation = more than 30 square feet - need trained personnel, containment, HEPA, sealed bags, removal.

08-00-93         EPA, IAQ-0061 (402F-93-005) - Flood Cleanup: Avoiding Indoor Air Quality. Problems, after flooding, moisture, microorganisms, cleanup. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/flood.html

08-00-93         Enviros - Protocol for Microbial Control in Buildings After Water Intrusion. By Frank A. Lewis & Chin S. Yang, Ph.D. Improper attention paid to microbial problems following water loss, fungi start to grow within 24 hours, should remove and dispose of wet ceiling tiles and drywall within 24 hours after water contact, remove and replace all drywall up to 12 inches above waterline.
http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/N03_08.htm

1994             Harvard University School of Public Health study of 10,000 homes in US and Canada found half had "conditions of water damage and mold associated with a 50 to 100 % increase in respiratory symptoms."

1994             Chenniliaro v. Kaufman & Broad Home Sys. of La., Inc. 636 So.2d 246 (La. Ct. App. 1994) - amending and affirming a jury verdict in a 1988 products liability case alleging personal injury and property damages from mold growth in a mobile home.

1994             American Journal of Industrial Medicine, P.L. Auger - Clinical Experience with Patients Suffering ...Airborne Mold.

1994             American Environmental Laboratory, S.A. Crow - Microbial Ecology of Buildings: Effects of Fungi on Indoor Air Quality.

1994             Building Science Corp - Mold, Moisture & Indoor Air Quality: A Guide to Designers, Builders, and Building Owners. Available from Building Science Corp. (978) 589-5100 or info@buildingscience.com

1993-1994     Cleveland, Ohio - infants died, stachybotrys following water damage found in homes.

09-00-94         Enviros - Toxic Effects of Some Common Indoor Fungi. By Chin S. Yang, Ph.D. There has been an explosion of cases related to toxigenic fungi in US and Canada over last 3 years, courthouse in Florida, schools, etc. Water intrusion must be taken care of within 24 hours. Large contaminated areas must use asbestos-like remediation procedures.
http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/R04_09.htm
http://www.pgccinc.com/articles/toxic.htm
http://www.create-your-healthy-home.com/Free%20Info/toxic_effects_of_indoor_fungi.htm

12-00-94         Enviros - Regulating Indoor Microbes. By Frank A. Lewis. Indoor microbes represent over one-third of the IAQ problems in buildings. http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/N04_12.htm

12-09-94         US Dept Health and Human Services - MMWR - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report - Acute Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants - Cleveland, January 1993 - November 1994. Cause undetermined.

1995             Leverence v. PFS Corp., 532 N.W.2d 735 (Wis. 1995) - considering a property damages and personal injury case brought by 802 occupants of homes allegedly subject to mold caused by excessive moisture.

1995             American Industrial Hygiene Association - Guidelines and Specifications for Remediation.

1995             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. Dr. Dearborn of Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital publishes findings to show link between stachybotrys and death of infants exposed to stachybotrys.

01-00-95         IICRC Water Damage Standard S500-94 is published.

03-10-95         Edward H. Cross & Assoc. - Lawsuit filed in Alameda, Condo complex in Fremont, water pipe breaks, leaks, drainage problems, mold, failure to remediate. Settled for $545,000 in 1998 before trial.

06-00-95         Health Canada, Environmental Health Directorate, Federal-Provincial Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health - Fungal Contamination in Public Buildings: A Guide to Recognition and Management. Guideline for assessment and control of Stachybotrys which requires that any potential exposure be identified and removed. (Full report is 88 pages)
http://www.hc-sc.bc.ca/ehp/catalogue/bch_pubs/fungal.pdf

1995             Canada - Federal-Provincial Committee on Occupational Safety & Health - separate report on fungus

1995             American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal - Bioaerosol Concentrations in Noncompliant, Compliant and Intervention Homes in the Midwest, by J. DeKoster.

01-00-95         Invironment - Microbial Issues Under Consideration for the Revision of ASHRAE Standard 62-1989.

04-00-95         EPA, IAQ-0009 -(EPA 402-K-93-007) - The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. Sources of pollution in home and measures to reduce it. Reducing exposure to biological contaminants. Clean and dry water damaged materials within 24 hours or consider removal and replacement.                                                http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html

04-25-95         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Lawsuit filed. Polk County Florida courthouse, 1992, construction defects, mold - [Jury recently awarded $40 million against Reliant Ins. Co.]

Fall 1995         North Carolina adopts IICRC publication S500-94 as the recommended protocol to mitigate flood damaged buildings.
http://www.buildinggreen.com/elists/flood.html

10-00-95         International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health - Prolonged and intense exposure to toxigenic stachybotrys chartarum and other atypical fungi associated with reported disorders of respiratory and central nervous system, immune system, etc.

10-00-95         Environmental Health - Long Term Monitoring of Mold Contamination in Flooded Homes by M. Pearce.

11-00-95         Edward H. Cross & Associates - Filed lawsuit in San Bernardino, home, sewage backup, negligent cleanup, failure to warn, toxic mold contamination. Settled for $600,818 in Oct 1997 just 10 days before trial.

11-05-95        Sacramento Bee -Firm Sued Over Home, Damp House Prompts Action - mold/illness/lawsuit

1996             American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) - Field Guide for the Determination for Biological Contaminants in Environmental Samples. Sampling is important because half of microbial problems are not visible. Growth of mold in buildings is no longer just a cosmetic problem but is a potential threat to human health.

1996             Indoor Air Solutions, Inc. - Stachybotrys Chartarum (atra): A New Emerging Fungal Threat and Methods of Dealing with Contamination. Stachybotrys found on wet materials with cellulose content, look for visible fungus growth. Most experts agree, if over one square foot, it is a medium and large scale growth that needs to be remediated by professionals.

1996             Facilities Net - Indoor Microbial Garden. Mold can grow on any carbon source when sufficient moisture is present. Stachybotrys can be found following water damage.                       http://www.facilitiesnet.com/NS/NS3b86h.html

1996             J Air Waste Mngmt Assn - Review of Quantitative Standards and Guidelines for Fungi in Indoor Air, by C.Y. Rao.

1996             International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health - E. Johanning - Health and Immunological Study Following Exposure to Toxigenic Fungi (Stachybotrys chartarum) in a Water-Damaged Office Environment. Growing concern of adverse health effects of fungal bio-aerosols. Water damage, found stachybotrys, adverse health effects.

01-18-96 Sacramento Bee - Mildew Dampens Spirits at Area School. School, mold, problems.

02-00-96         Enviros - Learning to Deal With Microbial Contamination in Buildings. A number of training courses, workshops, symposia, etc focused on microbial contamination have been offered within last 3 years. Specialized training should be developed for many, including insurance adjusters. Certain visual signs of microbe contamination should automatically trigger a decision for a clean up.               http://www.envirovillage.com/Newsletters/Enviros/T06_02.htm

02-00-96         Invironment - Microbial Issues. Article on revisions of ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Association between moisture, fungi and building related illness has been demonstrated repeatedly. One side of a gypsum wall board covered with fungi requires hazardous waste containment procedures.

03-00-96         American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal - Exposure to Airborne Microbes During the Repair of Moldy Buildings. Concentrations of airborne fungi increased during repair work. Construction workers are exposed to high concentrations of microbes, possibly causing health problems.

04-00-96         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Indian River, Florida. Jury award to Martin County for $11.5 million (property damage, not including injury) against construction manager and 3 surety companies for two buildings evacuated in 1992 because of water leaks and mold.

04-04-96         NY Times - "Biblical Plagues: A Novel Theory."

04-20-96 Chicago Tribune - "Can Your House Make You Sick?" - mold, fungus, illness

05-00-96         Water Loss Institute's (WLI) First Conference and Exhibition. Per Ron Reese, past president of Water Loss Institute. WLI held it's first Conference in Oakland CA in May 1996. Have constantly offered to include the insurance industry in the discussions

05/06-96         CA-DoH - "Fungi & Indoor Air Quality," by Sandra V. McNeel, DVM. This report specifically focuses on fungal contamination in office and home environments. http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/deodc/ehib/EHIB2/topics/fungi_indoor.html

05-05-96         NY Times - "Fungus in ‘Sick' Building" - Toxic fungus found in headquarters of Transportation Department in Washington, DC.

07-00-96         Medical Laboratory Observer - Sick Building Syndrome and Building-Related Illness. Look for signs of water damage and fungal growth. Stachybotrys grows on water damaged materials containing cellulose.

07-28-96         NY Times - "Moldy Walls Put Tenants on Edge." Dozens of tenants complain of an epidemic of poisonous mold.

08-01-96         Letter - Brown Consolidated/Plumbing System Investigations to Allstate Insurance. Details Allstate procedure re plumbing/water leak investigations and his disagreement with Allstate procedures.

08-05-96         American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Conference -
Paper 253 - Toxins Produced by Fungi in Water-Damaged Buildings. Water damaged buildings can harbor toxigenic fungi which threaten health of occupants.

10-00-96         Association News Network (web sites and publications for claims organizations in Northern CA) - Fungi and Sewage Contamination in Water Losses, by R. David Bierman. Mold contamination can cause health effects, million dollar settlements from failure to address sewage and fungi contamination.                               http://www.harrisonpromo.com/articles/fungi.html

01-00-96         Best's Review - Property-Casualty Insurance Edition - Indoor air pollution --Economic aspects; Workers' compensation--Management; Employer liability--Insurance http://library.northernlight.com/YY19970425030199194.html?cb=0&sc=0#doc

10-00-96         CDC/NIOSH - "Causes and Symptoms of Mold and Dust Induced Respiratory Illness" Authors: Glen H. Hetzel and J. Butler, Agricultural Engineering Department, Virginia Tech.. Discussion of Farmer's Lung disease. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nasd/docs4/va98022.html

10-01-96         Claims People magazine - Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). By Richard Beall, CIH, CSP. Bioaerosols - fungal spores from water intrusion cause problems.                                 http://www.claimspeople.com/html/master_1oct96.html

10-13-96 Sacramento Bee - From Living Room to Courtrooms, Frustrated Owners Increasingly Seek Legal Redress for Problems. Mold/litigation. Frustrated owners, construction defects, mold, water intrusion. Cites more than a dozen cases in Sacramento and Placer counties.

11-08-96         Peach v. Jamestown Properties, No. CV93 0130286 S, 1996 Conn. Super. LEXIS 3028 (Nov. 18, 1996) - alleging that a crack in a pool water supply pipe caused flooding in the crawl space below the plaintiff's unit.

11-29-96 Chicago Tribune - "Boy is Seemingly Allergic to School" - mold

12-00-96         Invironment - Assessing and Sampling Fungal Contaminants in the Indoor Environment. Many fungal growths are not detected because they are in wall cavities. Water is single most important factor in fungal growth. Superficial removal may only temporarily reduce fungi because they have a root-like structure (mycelium) that penetrates deep into the substrate of contaminated materials. Consensus of many experts is that people should not be allowed to work or live in an environment contaminated by fungi.

12-28-96         Martin County Courthouse in Stuart, Florida flooded by pipe break. Water in hard to reach areas, mold developed, extensive remediation and lawsuits.

1997             Journal of American Medical Association - Floods Carry Potential For Toxic Mold Disease, by C. Marwick.

1997             DriEaz Products, Inc. - Factors That Contribute to Mold Growth Indoors After Water Damage. Mold grows on water damaged material.                                                                                                       http://www.dri-eaz.com/articles5.html

1997             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. A Beverly Hills doctor and his wife reportedly recovered over $9 million for water intrusion and fungal contamination of their custom luxury home and art collection.

Jan 1997     Facility Management Journal (Puritan Flood Restoration) - New Technologies For Flood Abatement Can Save Money. Usually only 10 to 15 percent of water damage can be seen, the other 85 to 90 percent is hidden within walls and ceilings. Mold will grow in wall cavities left wet. 70 percent of all insurance claims are water related. Water damage must be cleaned and dried quickly.                           http://www.puritancompanies.com/flood/technologies.html

01-00-97         Invironment - Stachybotrys chartarum. Thrives on water damaged cellulosic materials. Concerns in the 1980's because of documented cases of stachybotrys contamination and illnesses.

01-00-97         Invironment - Fungi and Indoor Air Quality. All fungal spores contain allergens of varying potency. Some are toxic. Since 1982, approximately 20 studies have been conducted on the association of dampness, mold and respiratory health in Europe and North America. Reported mold, water damage and moldy odors are associated with elevated levels of indoor fungi. Concern about stachybotrys atra in indoor environments surfaced in the mid-1980's. National Academy of Sciences reports in 1993 that all species of mold are allergenic.

01-08-97         Environmental Building News - "The Dangers of Secondary Mold Growth Caused by Improper Remediation of Flooded Buildings" - by David Bierman. Molds and other microbes start growing on water damaged materials within 48 hours. Can be in wall cavities, hidden from view, where moisture remains. Water damaged drywall needs to be removed. Interior wall cavities need to be dried and disinfected.                http://www.buildinggreen.com/elists/flood.html

01-17-97         MMWR - Update: Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants - Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1996. Follow-up investigation documents association between illness in the cluster of cases and mold in the water damaged homes.

01-24-97         NY Times - "Infants' Lung Bleeding Traced to Toxic Mold" - Dr. Dearborn and the 1993-94 infant deaths and problems in Cleveland.

02-00-97         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Malibu home recently purchased, mycotoxins from Stachybotrys, repair costs of $662,000, recovery of $2.5 million.

02-01-97         Thomas Anderson water loss with mold contamination. (Anderson v. Allstate)

02-24-97         Doe Homeowners v. Roe Seller, Confidential Report for Attorneys (settlement Feb. 24, 1997) - alleging water intrusion into plaintiff's home from leaking exterior balconies, the roof and windows.

03-01-97         Claims People magazine - Indoor Air Quality. By Alan C. Buck, Ph.D. A home, after a fire or flood, may harbor fungus, etc., which prompts illness or asthma.
http://www.claimspeople.com/html/master_1mar97.html

03-31-97         EPA - Biological Pollutants in Your Home - includes mold from water damage                                                  http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/bio_1.html

04-00-97         CA Dept of Health Services - Stachybotrys chartarum (atra): A Mold That May Be Found in Water-damaged Homes. Study in Southern California found stachybotrys in 2.9% of 68 homes. Level III: If the area of mold is more than 30 square feet - trained personnel necessary, follow NY Dept of Health guidelines.                                                                                             http://www.cal-iaq.org/LAYMEM97.html

04-01-97         Claims People magazine - A Flood Adjuster's Survival Guide. By Ulises Castellon, CPCU. Carry keyhole saw to check walls, explain coverages, scope, etc., cut drywall at 4 foot mark.
http://www.claimspeople.com/html/master_1apr97.html

04-03-97         CDC - Molds in the Environment. Concise information on molds in the environment: mold types, their possible human health effects, where molds are found and recommendations for decreasing indoor mold exposure. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/asthma/factsheets/molds/molds.htm

04-09-97         ABC Prime Time Live - Air of Mystery - Poisonous Mold Links Illness and Death of Infants. Mold infestation, water damage, infant deaths. Also Stachybotrys found in courthouse in Florida and in EPA headquarters in Washington, DC.

04-15-97 Utah, Department of Health - Fact Sheet: Stachybotrys. Grows on wet cellulose material, produces mycotoxins. All moldy material should be removed. Some molds can be killed by cleaning with chlorine but Stachybotrys often has a germ mycelium buried deep inside the water damaged surface that may be inaccessible to chlorine. Best to remove all water damaged materials.            http://hlunix.hl.state.ut.us/els/epidemiology/envepi/eep_stac.html

04-16-97         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Indoor Air Quality, An Introduction for HVAC Contractors" - Water can support growth of bacteria and fungus. Porous materials hold water. Often necessary to remove wet materials to prevent microbial growth.                 http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_041697.asp

04-22-97         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Indoor Environment ‘97" - Growth in microbial litigation. Only about 2 suits reported 5 years ago, there were hundreds in 1996.                  http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_042297.asp

05-00-97         Journal of American Medical Association - Marwick - Floods Carry Potential For Toxic Mold Fungus.

05-13-97         Enquirer.com - Local Officials, N.D. Alerted to Deadly Disease Linked to Floods. Health officials put Ohio and ND on notice of flood/mold dangers.

06-30-97         National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and CDC, NIEHS PR # 12-97 - Stachybotrys linked to Cleveland infant deaths, found in homes with water damage.

07-00-97         Heating/Piping/AirConditioning (HPAC) - The Fungi: How They Grow and Their Effects on Human Health, by Harriet A. Burge, PhD. Many fungi produce toxic compounds that affect human health. Because of the potential severity of resulting diseases, a conservative approach to the control of toxigenic fungi is essential.                     http://www.hpac.com/member/basics/iaq/9707burge.html


07-29-97         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "The Future of IAQ" - More conferences and research being done on IAQ.                                http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_072997.asp

07-30-97         NIEHS & CDC - NIEHS, CDC Fund Study of Fungus Fatal to Cleveland Infants. Stachybotrys found on water soaked cellulose building materials.                                          http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/fungus.htm

08-01-97         NY Times - "Ancient Scroll Carries Clue to Deadly Mold." On the need to destroy a house if mildew appeared.

08-04-97         American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Conference -
Paper 47 - Complete with Significant Water Infiltration. Positive correlation for presence of water damage and amount of visible growth and airborne concentrations of Stachybotrys chartarum. http://www.aiha.org/abs97/7bioaer.html
Paper 110 - Prevalence of Aspergillus Versicolor in Residential and Commercial Buildings with History of Water Intrusion. Study of 9 buildings, Aspergillus dominant inside walls.                                             http://www.aiha.org/abs97/7ieq1.html

08-27-97         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "The Future of IAQ (Part 2)" -Microbial growth in ventilation systems.                         http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_082797.asp

09-26-97         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Air Quality and Infection Rate" - More infections, studies and precautions needed. http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_092697.asp

10-00-97         Edward H. Cross & Associates - Filed lawsuit in Nov 1995 in San Bernardino, home, sewage backup, negligent cleanup, failure to warn, toxic mold contamination. Settled for $600,818 in Oct 1997 just 10 days before trial.

10-00-97         Invironment - Is It Time for an Objective Look at Stachybotrys? Ten years ago focus was on allergenic reactions, not toxic effects. Today concern is on toxic effects. While not scientifically certain of stachybotrys causing problems attributed to it, any mold growth in buildings should be eliminated.

10-01-97         Claims People magazine - The Frightening Truth of Improperly Restored Water Losses. By Jim Holland, Restoration Consultants. Water damage, time of essence, 48 hours and fungus begins to grow within wall cavities, well documented that mold can cause health problems, remediation technology relatively new.                            http://www.claimspeople.com/html/master_1oct97.html

10-04-97         NY Times - "Poisonous Mold Shuts a Renovated Library on Staten Island."

10-23-97         NY Times - "The Mold Scare: Overblown or not?"

10-25-97         Water Loss Institute 1997 Conference & Exposition. Included insurance professionals. Discussed: (1) Antimicrobials, Disinfectants and Biocides, (2) Legal & Insurance Issues, (3) How to Assure a "Restored" Water Damaged Building is Safe for Occupancy and (4) A Practical Approach to Safe Restoration of Water Damaged Buildings. Microbes will double every 30-60 minutes. Remediation similar to asbestos. Insurance adjusters focus on total charge, need educating. Remediation should begin in 24-48 hours.

10-26-97         NY Times - "Mold Forces 2 More Branches Of the Public Library to Close." Toxic mold found in two more libraries.

10-31-97         NY Times - " Day-Care Center on S.I. Is Closed After a Potentially Harmful Mold Is Found."

10-31-97 Detroit News - Deadly Mold is Found in Cellars of 2 Homes. Stachybotrys found in basements.

11-00-97         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Rialto, CA family vs City of Rialto, sewage backup, neurotoxins, settlement of $600,818.

11-01-97 Chicago Tribune - "Mold Scare" - stachybotrys, toxic mold

11-03-97         Detroit News - Troy Company Finds Deadly Mold in Area. Sanit-Air of Troy finds deadly mold in homes, like kind that killed infants in Cleveland.

11-05-97         CNN - Beware the Mold Stachybotrys. Rain, basement flooding, mold and illness. Average person trying to clean it up will spread the mold. Need professionals, could cost $10,000.                                                      http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9711/05/deadly.mold/

11-09-97         NY Times - "Families Plagued by a Home-Wrecking Mold" Family left confined to bed for days on end after exposure to mold.

12-03-97 Detroit News - Troy Home Repair Company Expands Services. Company does mold remediation.

1998         American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal - Control of Exposure to Airborne Viable Microorganisms During Remediation of Moldy Buildings, by R. Dales.

1998         Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. Los Angeles woman sued her homeowners association for failure to repair repeated water intrusion into common walls, trial, verdict of $497,000 plus repairs.

1998         Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology - Stachybotrys, a Mycotoxin-Producing Fungus of Increasing Toxicologic Importance. Mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys is capable of producing immunosuppression and inflammatory results to gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems.

1998         Palmer v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 969 S.W.2d 582 (Tex. App. 1998) - alleging that defendant's repairs to plaintiff's air conditioner caused a leak in the unit where the repairs had been made.

01-05-98         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Is Mold a Winter Problem?" - Can be problem year round - just need moisture and right conditions. http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_010598.asp

01-29-98         Copsey v. American Air Co., No. 396615 (verdict January 29, 1998) - alleging that plaintiff was exposed to mold and dust that was present in the ducts of defendant's HVAC system.

02-00-98         Berry v. Mission Terrace Homeowners Association, Nos. H-182260-5, H-193421-8 (Alameda County Superior Ct.) Three condo owners in Alameda County vs homeowners association, mold in crawlspaces, $545,000 settlement. The families claimed that their psychiatric and numerous physical illnesses were caused by mold growth that developed from leaky pipes in their condominiums.

02-00-98         Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome. Homeowner settled claim against builder of beachfront custom home in Ventura arising from chronic water intrusion and fungal contamination for $559,000.

02-11-98         Today's Homeowner - Truth Told on Toxic Mold, by John D. Wagner. Unfortunately, it's impossible for homeowners to distinguish between toxic and the benign molds - they all look like black or gray sooty patches. http://www.todayshomeowner.com/repair/19980211.digest1.html

03-00-98         CA Dept of Health Services - Indoor Air Quality Info Sheet. Mold in My Home: What Do I Do? Materials permeated with mold need to be removed, even after they are disinfected with cleaning solutions. Allergic and toxic effects can remain in deadly spores. http://www.cal-iaq.org/mold9803.htm http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/deodc/ehib/EHIB2/topics/Moldhome%20Eng.html

03-00-98         American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine - Building-Associated Pulmonary Disease From Exposure to Stachybotrys Chartarum and Aspergillus Versicolor. Study of individuals exposed to fungi and illnesses reported. Moisture indoors represents a public health issue currently inadequately addressed by building, health or housing codes. http://www.acoem.org/pubs/joem/0398abs.htm#Building

03-00-98         Building Environment Report - Views of four top indoor environmental litigation experts on how to handle building air quality cases.

03-01-98         BBJ Environmental - Facts About Mold and Fungi. Mold grows on wet cellulose products. Mold is a health risk.                      http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_indoor_air_030198.asp

03-03-98         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Testing: Testing" - If mold is visible, it should be removed.                                                http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_030398.asp

03-06-98 Sacramento Bee - Mold Causing Illness? Health officials give phone # for mold problems.

03-13-98 Charleston Post & Courier - Mold, Mildew Fill Air in Schools. Molds can cause illness and allergy.

03-18-98         FEMA - Preventing Damage From Mold: Tips For Homeowners. Mold can be dangerous to humans, it can spread fast, isolate and dispose of moldy items.                                                    http://www.fema.gov/DIZAS/mold.htm

03-25-98         CA Dept of Health - State Health Department Issues Warning on Indoor Molds. Large areas of mold, contact a professional, special training http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/opa/prssrels/1998/13-98.htm

04-00-98         American Academy of Pediatrics - "Toxic Effects of Indoor Molds" - 101 Pediatrics 712 (1998).. Cites Cleveland infant deaths reports in 1994. Stachybotrys found in 2-3% of homes in North American studies.                           http://www.aap.org/policy/re9736.html

04-00-98         CA Dept of Health - "Health Effects of Toxin-Producing Indoor Molds in California," by Sandra McNeel, etc. Several fungal species capable of producing toxic substances have been found in water-damaged California homes and offices. This article provides information about potential health effects from exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum (a.k.a. S. atra), a toxigenic mold that has received increasing attention recently among indoor air reseachers and the public. Within the last 12-18 months several scientific reports (and media attention) have focused on Stachybotrys, a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus that grows on nitrogen-poor, cellulose rich materials such as hay, straw and building materials (ceiling tiles, wall paper, paper covering on gypsum wallboard). The statewide prevalence of this fungus in homes or work places is unknown, although one report found Stachybotrys in 2-3% of a small survey of southern California homes (Kozak, 1979). http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/deodc/ehib/EHIB2/topics/toxin_producing.html

04-01-98         BBJ Environmental - Toxic Effects of Indoor Molds. Stachybotrys found in 2 to 3 percent of home environments sampled. http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_indoor_air_040198.asp

04-07-98 Sacramento Bee - Indoor Molds Warning. Health department issues warning on mold.

04-07-98 Chicago Tribune - "Mold May Be Cause of Bleeding Lungs, Pediatricians Told" - water damage in homes, stachybotrys, bleeding lungs in infants.

04-10-98         Gorden v. Preece, No. SC 038 088, Tri-Service Reference No. 98-34-08 (verdict April 10, 1998) - alleging damages from extensive leaks and flooding in plaintiff's home.

04-26-98 Sacramento Bee - Musty Courthouse Drives Few Workers Away. Placer County Courthouse - mold problems

05-00-98         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Playa Del Rey, CA, custom home roof leaks, ceiling collapse, stachybotrys, $900,000 against builder.

05-01-98         Doe Homeowners v. Roe Builder, Confidential Report for Attorneys No. 10272 (settlement May 1, 1998) - claiming damages for water leaks in doors and windows

05-12-98 Sacramento Bee - Hot Air Theories about Bad Air in "Sick Buildings". Mold in ‘sick buildings'

06-14-98 Sacramento Bee - Two Schools Plagued With Health Hazards, Rare Mold at McGee Linked to Infant Deaths in Ohio. Schools, mold

06-17-98 Sacramento Bee - Danger of Molds is Focus of Forum Discussion Planned at Roseville School. Forum on dangers of mold

06-19-98         Duggan-Steinberg v. Blue Lagoon Community Ass'n, No. 77 53 18 (verdict June19, 1998) - claiming that defendants were negligent in permitting plaintiff's neighbor to construct a berm and sidewalk causing drainage into plaintiff's condominium.

06-21-98 Sacramento Bee - Homeowners Fear Household Mold Making Them Sick. Water damage and mold in home.

07-00-98         American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal - Control of Exposure to Airborne Viable Microorganisms During Remediation of Moldy Buildings; Report of Three Case Studies. Most effective control method was local exhaust method used for asbestos dismantling.

07-01-98         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "IAQ, lawsuits, and you" - Microbial growth from chronic water intrusion, may result in litigation. http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_indoor_air_070198.asp

07-10-98         FEMA - Assess Damage and Hazards - flood/water damage, likely to have mold. http://www.fema.gov/diz01/d1367n14.htm
http://www.fema.gov/diz98/d1230n08.htm

08-08-98         Cleveland Plain Dealer - Quote from Dan Zielinski, American Insurance Association - "...insurance companies will not take note of [stachybotrys atra] until they are faced with numerous losses because of it." Apartment, mold, death of 8 month old girl died in Dec 1994. Settled for $175,000. Dr. Dearborn suspects fungus related to 122 unexplained infant deaths from pulmonary hemosiderosis nationwide.

Fall 1998         "Pathfinder: Representing the Sick Building Syndrome Plaintiff" by Elbert Smith of Western State Univ. College of Law. List of references, resources, etc.                                                                  http://www.fiscorp.net/iaq/iaqapps5.html

09-00-98         Munoz v. Henry Phipps Plaza South No. 109895/99 (N.Y. County Supr. Ct. filed Sept. 1998) - seeking, in conjunction with over 140 families, a total of $8 billion in personal injury and property damages related to mold contamination.

09-06-98 Seattle Times - Condo Owners' Deluge of Woe. Building leaks, mold. Many condo and building projects faced with millions of dollars in lawsuits.

09-13-98         NY Times - "Your Home: Flood, Mold and Mildew Damage" - mold damage following pipe break while owners away.

09-19-98 Detroit News - Learn About Home's Dangerous Fungi and You'll Breathe a Lot Easier. Water damage, mold, professionals, clean and remediate.

09-29-98         Property and Casualty.com - Receding Flood Waters Still Hold Danger. FEMA warnings - Mold left behind by flood waters.

10-07-98 Biloxi Sun Herald - Rains Could Produce Mold. Water intrusion could yield stachybotrys. The only way to ensure mold will not grow inside walls is to remove the drywall and replace the insulation.

10-10-98         Water Loss Institute 1998 Conference and Exposition - Included insurance industry people. Discussions on (1) Understanding the Dynamics of Moisture and the Building Envelope, (2)The Remediator's Role: Assessing and Defining the Risk, (3) The Remediator's Role: Establishing and Agreeing on a Scope of Work and (4) Practicing a Reasonable Standard of Care. From an adjuster's perspective, the scope is one of the most important parts of handling a claim, agree on the scope, the price takes care of itself.

10-28-98 Sacramento Bee - Toxic Mold Forces Family to Vacate Without Possessions. Mold and fungi, water intrusion, all personal property contaminated.

11-07-98 Sacramento Bee - Intrusive Mold Problem Subject of Future Forum. Human Rights/Fair Housing to hold mold forum

11-11-98         Building Web - Recurring Mold Problems in Houses. Study of flooded homes in 1997 in one area, 114 flood damaged, at least 34 had stachybotrys, at least 53 others had various mold.

11-12-98         Orange County Bar Association, Eighth Annual Construction Law Symposium. Toxic Mold Litigation: Science, Causation and Proof, by Edward H. Cross. Lists two cases to verdict and three settlements, noting that some are six and seven figure settlements.

11-21-98 Sacramento Bee - Black Mold: Not a Science Fiction Story. Stachybotrys chartarum in water damaged buildings can cause serious health problems.

12-14-98 Sacramento Human Rights/Fair Housing Commission - "Mold in Our Environment" - Panel & Workshop. (See videotape).

12-21-98         Time magazine - This Place Makes Me Sick. Mold causing ‘sick building', Southwest Airlines building in San Antonio with mold problems dating back to 1980's.

1999                 Kolnick v. Fountainview Ass'n,737 So.2d 1192 (Fla. Ct. App. 1999) - alleging that association's failure to maintain the roof of the building resulted in water intrusion in plaintiff's apartment causing mold and mildew growth.

1999             Centex-Rooney Constr. Co. v. Martin County, Florida, 725 So.2d 1255 (Fla. Ct. App. 1999) - alleging damages for the defective and improper construction of the Martin County courthouse.

1999             Clean Care - Seminars - Agents & Adjusters - Water Damage Restoration - Seminars have been offered for many years, approved in more than 25 states for Continuing Education Credits.

1999             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Microbiological Contamination Litigation a.k.a. "The Mold Monster" by Alexander Robertson. Litigation concerning mold contamination is growing, both in CA and nationwide. In landlord/tenant cases, landlord may be exposed to punitive damages if knew and failed to remediate mold. Many recent mold verdicts, $350,000 to $48 million.

1999             Robertson, Vick & Capella - Sick Building Syndrome in the Construction Defect Case by Alexander Robertson. Cites earliest report of fungal illness in Leviticus, notes numerous cases since 1989.

01-15-99         Ed Ajlouny - water damage/mold/Allstate/lawsuit/injuries. See Detroit News 3-30-00

01-29-99         Merced Sun-Star - Moldbusters Warn That It's Easy to Cultivate Mold in Typical Homes. Wet building materials provide good place for molds to grow.

02-03-99         American Phytopathological Society (APS) News Release - Household Fungus Contributes to "Sick Building Syndrome". Over the past 20 years in North America evidence has accumulated implicating stachybotrys as a serious problem in water damaged homes and buildings. Commonly found following water damage. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/02/990208071455.htm

03-01-99         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Whose Fault is it Anyway?" - Water intrusion may result in fungal growth and problems. http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_indoor_air_030199.asp

Spring 1999 The Federation of Insurance and Corporate Counsel - "Sick Building Syndrome: Airing Insurance Coverage Issues Arising From This New Wave of Toxic Tort Litigation", by Michael T. Lucey. SBS and associated claims will proliferate in coming years. Two main causes of SBS: (1) microbial contamination and (2) volatile organic compounds (VOC). Example of microbial contamination, is water intrusion into home and mold forming in walls http://www.thefederation.org/public/quarterly/Spring99/lucey.htm

Spring 1999 The Federation of Insurance and Corporate Counsel - Sick Building Syndrome: a Potpourri Analysis, by Brian A. Wood http://www.thefederation.org/public/Quarterly/Spring99/wood.htm

04-00-99         Invironment - Flood Restoration. Rapid response to water damage is critical. Microbiologically damaged structure is not a safe environment. If significant mold growth occurs, occupants should be evacuated. Remove and discard water damaged drywall. Non-viable fungi remain allergenic and toxigenic.

04-01-99         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "My Building Stinks!" - "Odor" in building may make you sick.. Look for cause - microbial, etc. http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_indoor_air_040199.asp

04-20-99         Insurance Information Network of California (IINC) & Western Insurance Information Service (WIIS)- "Winter Rains Can Cause Dangerous Mold." Untreated water damage can cause mold and fungi, lurking behind walls. http://www.iinc.org/news/home/winter.html
http://www.wiis.org/newarticles/mold990420.htm

04-21-99         Property and Casualty.com - A Fungus Among Us? Rains, water intrusions, fungus lurking in damp spaces behind walls.

05-00-99         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Simi Valley, CA, homeowner association failed to repair water damage, mold, condo, condo owner recovered $350,000.

05-00-99         The Underwriters' Wire - "Texan Files Criminal Complaint Against Farmers Employees" - Ballard files criminal complaint for mold injuries.
http://www.uwreport.com/wire/news0599/0528far.htm

05-03-99         Engineering News Report - Containing Noxious Mold. Cost of abating mold can be astronomical. Mold investigations can range from $3,500 to more than $1 million. Remediation, full scale asbestos type, can be $150 per square foot. Containment costs 10 times as much as ripping something out or ordinary cleaning. The 500,000 sq ft Polk County building cost $27 million to build in the late 1980s and about $37 million to remediate. http://www.enr.com/new/C0503.asp

05-17-99         Hickenbottom v. Racquet Club Villa Homeowners Ass'n, No. SC 020 526 (settlement, May 17, 1999) - alleging water intrusion into the crawl space beneath plaintiff's townhouse unit.

05-18-99         NY Times - "Tenants Sue Landlord, Alleging Toxic Mold" - 300 tenants in two buildings sue alleging toxic mold.

05-19-99         IERB - Indoor Environmental Remediation Board. Mission is to develop and promulgate best practices in building remediation. (James Holland is a board member.)

05-28-99         Electric Library - Melinda Ballard has filed criminal complaint against two FIG employees, negligence in settling claim. Stachybotrys, delays, not informed, illness.

06-00-99         Environmental Health Perspectives - Danish study, 23 mold infected buildings - Stachybotrys encountered =19%

06-00-99         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - New York, apartment owners sue with 125 lawsuits totaling $8 billion for injuries due to mold exposure.

06-17-99         CDC - Report of the CDC internal working groups that reanalyzed the investigation of 1993-1996 Cleveland infant lung bleeding cases. http://www.cdc.gov/od/ads/ref29.pdf

07-20-99         PRNewswire - Farmers sued for $100 million over mold in Texas home. Farmers did not act immediately as recommended by scientific experts.

08-17-99         Stroot v. New Haverford Partnership- No. 95C-05-074-HLA, 1999 WL 753916 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 17, 1999). After finding a Delaware apartment building owner and property management company negligent (re mold), a jury awarded former residents over $1 million in personal injury damages for alleged aggravation of pre-existing asthma, cognitive deficits, bronchitis, and immune system "abnormalities" due to an alleged failure by the property owner and management company to remediate water problems and fungal contamination.

08-30-99         ABC - Science - "Fungi and Mould" Broadcast Monday 30 August 1999, with Rae Fry. Report on a big study just done in Finland about fungi and mould in indoor air. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s48140.htm

09-00-99             Best's Review - "Mold: A Growing Problem." Ballard - suit for $100 million. Utah Dept of Health recommends removal of all water damaged material once mold is present., use qualified technicians wearing protective clothing if mold is present                                             http://bestreview.com/pc/1999-09/lossntbk.html

09-00-99         Robertson, Vick & Capella - "The Mold Monster" - Employees file suit against employer for $100 million for requiring them to renovate asbestos, mold and lead paint without protective equipment or warning.

09-09-99         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Radon and Mold"

09-21-99         Property and Casualty.com - Hidden Dangers Lurk in Flood Cleanup. Receding flood waters leave damp areas where fungi thrive.

10-00-99         Water Loss Institute 1999 Conference and Exposition - Focused on: (1) The Mechanics of Moisture in the Building, (2) Methods - Part One: Impacts of Moisture on Components and Systems - Applications of Standards; (3) Part Two: Practical Approaches to Mitigation, Remediation and Restoration of Components Contents; and (4) Perspectives: A Forum Exploring Issues of the Present and Future of Water Damage. For drywall, cut holes at bottom of each stud cavity to drain water. Presence of concealed mold may require removal of drywall.

10-21-99         Building Contamination Workshop, San Francisco. Legalities of Microbial Contamination in Buildings, by Edward H. Cross. Currently represents over 200 victims of building contamination.

10-26-99         Ideal Restorative Drying, Inc. - Seminar on Water Loss and Damage Restoration for a Healthy Indoor Environment. Open to insurance companies and adjusters. Held in Foster City, CA.

10-11-99         FEMA - Floods Carry a Hazardous Potential for Toxic Mold. Visible mold. Behind walls. Remove sheetrock.                                   http://www.fema.gov/hu99/d1299n22.htm

11-00-99         NYC Dept of Health - Facts About Mold. It is more important to get rid of it than to find out about it.                                          Http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/html/ei/eimold.html

11-01-99         Canadian Insurance - "From Mold to Mildew." Hazardous mold in buildings represents growing problem. (See Health Canada 00-00-95). US based Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) has just released the Second Edition of their Standard S500, Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration which focuses more on potential harm from mold growth.

11-11-99         Insure.com - Water, Fire, Smoke or Mold Damage? By Ryan O'Neil. You Need a Certified Restorer! Certified restorers specialize in getting rid of mold, example of water damage when owner away and resulting mold farm. http://www.insure.com/home/certrestorer.html

11-27-99 D        etroit News - Make Sure Water Leaks Don't Ruin Your Home While You Vacation. Water damage can yield mold and problems. One house, insurance company wanted only to wash and paint, found stachybotrys. Water in walls must be drained and dried, water soaked drywall should be removed.

11-29-99         BBJ Environmental Solutions, Inc - "Mold North vs. South" - Discussion on conditions, climate, etc, for mold growth.      http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_articles_112999.asp

12-00-99         Claims magazine - Water Loss Institute, FEMA, etc - water not addressed for more than 72 hours can cause mold, etc.

12-00-99         CDC - Report of Members of the CDC Expert Panel on Acute Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Infants: A Synthesis. Panel concurred on significant points regarding the quality of the scientific evidence and the validity of the conclusions linking Stachybotrys to acute infant pulmonary hemorrhage/ hemosiderosis (AIPH). Linkage not warranted by the scientific evidence produced by the investigations, Science was flawed. Protocols and procedures not standard, conditions between illness and testing changed, no proof of actual exposure of infant to fungi. However - most panelists believe hypothesis had some plausibility and merited further investigation, CDC should continue investigations, set standards and remain involved.                                                   http://www.cdc.gov/od/ads/ref30.pdf

12-01-99         NY OSHA - Comparison of Successful and Unsuccessful Stachybotrys Chartarum Remediation Projects, by Richard Scott and Chin Yang. Study on remediation projects. Fungal contamination is serious. Use methods similar to asbestos abatement.                http://www.toxicmold.org/documents/0322.html

12-03-99         USA Weekend - The Mold In Your Home May Be Deadly. Deadly mold in Texas home, leaks in 1998 and illness by March 1999. $100 million lawsuit against Farmers.

12-03-99         BBJ Environmental - Mold: A Health Alert. A 1999 Mayo Clinic study pegged nearly all chronic sinus infections afflicting 37 million Americans to molds. A 1994 Harvard University School of Public Health study of 10,000 homes in US and Canada found half had "conditions of water damage and mold associated with a 50 to 100 % increase in respiratory symptoms."                                                        http://www.bbjenviro.com/news_indoor_air_120399.asp

12-20-99         Sacramento Bee - Slow School Repairs. Building flooded by vandals, professional cleaners to prevent mold.

2000             Fickett v. Davis Management Corp. No. SC 059598 (Los Angeles, Cal. County Super.Ct. filed 2000) - A California apartment complex owner and its individual
employees were sued for negligently allowing mold to grow within the units,
allegedly causing residents to suffer severe personal injury and death. Residents are claiming medical, moving, investigation, funeral and burial, and legal expenses.

00-00-00         WA, Dept of Health - "Is Indoor Mold Contamination a Threat to Health?" by Harriet M. Ammann, PhD - Fungus ubiquitous. Health effects: allergy, infection, irritation and toxic. Discusses eact effect. History. Types of mold. Public health practice indicates removal from exposure, clean up and remediation. Unwise to wait for lab results. http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/oehas/mold.html

01-00-00         IE Connections - Jumping on the Remediation Learning Curve, by Jim Holland. Need to learn about and use proper techniques and personnel to avoid liability problems, etc. http://www.ieconnections.com/archive/jan_00/1_2000feature.htm

01-01-00         IINC & WIIS - "Frozen, Broken Water Pipes Can Be Home Owner Nightmare." Frozen and broken water pipes rank No. 2 in number of homes damaged and claim costs in US. Can cause mold. Sometimes homes have to be gutted because of mold and mildew.
http://www.iinc.org/cons_issues/home/frozen.html
http://www.wiss.org/pipes.htm

02-01-00             Douglas R. Haney, "Toxic Mold - Toxic Enemy" - Book describing mold, clean up costs, medical problems.

02-03-00         PRNewswire - Grand Jury issues report on ‘Endangerment to a Child' charges against Farmers Insurance. Texas

02-07-00         60 Minutes: Sick Building Syndrome (CBS television)

02-16-00         Occupational & Environmental Medicine (OEM) Forum - Stachybotrys a. prevalence in health care settings, by Eckardt Johanning. Stachybotrys usually found with other molds, toxigenic. May be little data re Stachybotrys actual effect, but cocktail effect must be considered.                                                         http://mailman.mc.duke.edu/pipermail/occ-env-med-l/2000-February/012331.html

02-20-00         Environmental News Network - "Household mold hide-and-go-seek" Mold grows in damp places, causes medical problems. http://www.enn.com/enn-news-archive/2000/02/02202000/mold_10099.asp

02-29-00         MedScape General Medicine - Stachybotrys chartarum: Current Knowledge of Its Role in Disease. Health risks from exposure are poorly defined but it is becoming clear that other potentially toxigenic fungi are more common than previously acknowledged.                                                             http://www.calcs-plus.com/stachybotrys.htm

03-00-00         Krant v. County of Tulare, No. 00-1090367 (Tulare County Superior Ct.). A California judge filed a personal injury lawsuit against Tulare County for various physical ailments including hair loss, dizziness, episodic vertigo, acute abdominal pain, respiratory distress, tinitis, facial swelling, and severe rashes, allegedly caused by exposure to microbiological contamination within the courtroom where she presided. The suit seeks unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, including medical monitoring.

03-02-00 CBS News, 48 Hours - An Insidious Mold, A Dream House Loses Charm, Can Cause Brain Damage? Report on the Ballards in Austin Texas.

03-09-00         Center for Disease Control (CDC) - Bulletin - "Questions and Answers on Stachybotrys chartarum and other molds." It is not necessary to determine what type of mold you have. All molds should be treated the same. Problems - allergies, immune suppression or underlying lung disease. If you have extensive mold, contact a professional. Once mold starts to grow in insulation or wallboard - remove it. Moldy items should be discarded. If find mold, prudent practice is to remove it. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/asthma/factsheets/molds/default.ht